«language is an inferential coding system (Sperber & Wilson, 1995). ... language speakers never produce sentences that they would not be able to understand themselves. They constantly monitor and possibly correct or improve their own utterances while they are speaking.»

«Language is constantly changing, shows a lot of variation and exhibits a high degree of flexibility in the way it is used in actual discourse.»

«Language users break linguistic conventions as fast as they invent them in order to increase the expressive power of their language for the purpose of dealing with new meanings or for catching the attention of the listener with novel phrases.»

«Undeniably, there is huge variation in language, even among those speaking the same language, and even in the language use of a single individual as he or she is switching between different contexts and interacting between members of different social groups. Formal and computational approaches to language should not ignore these facts, but instead take the challenge of dealing with the ‘fluidic’ nature of language as one of its objectives. This is what Fluid Construction Grammar tries to do.»

«An insight from empirical linguistic research is that constructions are constantly on the move. New constructions appear, old ones may change or disappear, which is obviously the case for lexical constructions, with new words popping up, words shifting and expanding their meaning or becoming more restricted, and other words disappearing. The same happens for grammatical constructions, such that a language can have no articles (as in Latin), but its descendants, in this case French, Italian, Spanish, all have it.»
    (Тут ещё можно вспомнить, что в церковнославянском не было деепричастий, а теперь они есть)
Синтаксические категории тоже меняются.

«Even within the course of a single conversation, a new construction may come up, either because a speaker needs to stretch the meanings of existing words or the usage  pattern of known grammatical constructions, in order to express new shades of meaning, or to capture the attention of the hearer in a novel, hence more forceful, way. This novel use may then be picked up by the hearer and possibly start to propagate further in the population, or it may die immediately, never to be used again»

«a real language does of course not care much about divisions in academic disciplines»
«in fact it is almost impossible to find a usage pattern in a human language that can be defined purely based on syntactic criteria.»
«construction can involve any aspect of language and package it together in one usage pattern.»

Очень душевно на пятой странице рассматриваемые вопросы записаны в виде вопросов. Я бы пошел к ним учиться, если бы я о них знал раньше. А у нас "работа должна быть выдержана в повествовательном ключе", тьфу!

Отредактировано Лис (2019-11-25 20:32:21)

«Some researchers argue that the number is much higher because language users store rich, ready-made solutions, even if they can be derived from more abstract constructions. This approach, hence, leans towards memory-based or exemplar-based approaches to language processing (Daelemans & Van den Bosch, 2005), which contrasts with the more abstract grammars often proposed in the generative literature. Storing ready-made solutions makes processing faster and explains why so many idiosyncracies exist in language, including idiomatic expressions. If only abstract constructions are stored, they would always take priority over specifics and idiomatic expressions would disappear.»

«If enough of a construction fits with the current context to be confident that it should apply, it can supply information in a top-down manner about the missing or errorful elements and enable further processing.»

«The reversibility principle has been an important goal of computational linguistics for a long time and was one of the primary motivations for unification based grammars (Kay, 1986).»

«Once constructions are bi-directional it becomes possible to constantly move back and forth between parsing and production: when a sentence is being produced, the FCG-interpreter can monitor progress by constantly re-entering the structures already produced using its repertoire of constructions and parsing them. Conversely, when a sentence is being parsed, the FCG-interpreter can fill in gaps of missing elements or fix errors by switching to a production mode in which the partial structures already derived from the input are expanded by the reverse application of constructions.»

Отредактировано Лис (2019-11-25 20:28:12)

«each construction has an associated score (in line with earlier proposals, by Jurafsky (1998), a.o.).
...
scores are assumed to reflect success in communication rather than frequency.»

«A meta-layer at which diagnostics are run and repair strategies possibly triggered. Diagnostics test for example whether all words in the input could be integrated into the sentence as a whole, or whether all the meaning that the speaker wanted to express are actually part of the final utterance. Repair strategies then try to fix this situation, possibly by ignoring some of the input»

(чем дальше читаю, тем больше это похоже на "как научить лингвистов программировать не используя терминологию из программирования", сложность описания всё растёт и растёт)

«What is undoubtedly less common is the way FCG builds and manipulates hierarchical structures, which is done with a single powerful structure-building operator, known as the J-operator.»

«the J-operator is the main primitive for building hierarchical structure.»

«The J-operator is a very powerful structure building operator. It can create new units, build and reorganize the hierarchical structure, and add information to existing or new units. It is the only structural operator used in FCG.»

«The J-operator has three arguments and performs two functions. The arguments are: a daughter-unit, a parent-unit, and possibly a set of pending-subunits.  These are either specified with concrete names or with variables that have been bound elsewhere in the matching or merging process. When the daughter-unit is an unbound variable at the time of merging, a new unit will be created for it. The first function of the J-operator is to hang the daughter-unit from the parent-unit by changing the value of the syn-subunits or sem-subunits slot of the parent-unit. If there are pending-subunits, these will then be attached from the daughter-unit.»

Отредактировано Лис (2019-11-28 09:11:43)